Jargon Buster
Accidental death benefit
This is a benefit included on some life insurance policies. A life insurance policy doesn’t come into legal effect until you pay the first premium to your insurance company. Some insurers offer ‘accidental death’ benefit from the date they receive your application form. This means that if you die suddenly before the policy is issued the life company will either pay out the sum assured or a certain percentage of it, up to a specified limit.
Additional voluntary contributions (AVCs)
AVCs are extra contributions you pay in addition to the normal pension contributions you or your employer make (if you are a member of an employer pension plan). AVCs help to increase the value of your pension fund or can be used to contribute to a tax-free lump sum at retirement. If you are earning an income, you can claim tax relief on AVCs up to certain limits.
Administration fee
This is a fee you pay to a financial services firm for a service or product. All regulated firms have to give you details of administration and other fees before you buy a service or product.
Advisory service
A stockbroker will discuss your investment aims and objectives and then recommend a range of investments that they feel would best suit your needs. Most stockbrokers will charge a fee for their advisory services.
Allocation rate
This is the percentage of your money that is used to buy units in a pension or other type of investment fund. For example, an allocation rate of 97% means that for every €100 you invest, €97 is actually used to buy units. So in effect you pay €3 (or 3%) as a charge to the firm you invest with.
Annual equivalent rate (AER)
AER shows you what the interest on a savings account would be if the interest was compounded and paid out to you each year (instead of monthly or over any other period). You may earn less than the AER because your money may not be invested for as long as a year. Sometimes firms use Compound Annual Rate (CAR) instead of AER on savings and investment products.
Annual percentage rate (APR)
The APR is the annual rate of interest you will be charged on a loan. It takes account of all the costs involved over the term of the loan, such as any set-up charges and the interest rate. You can use the APR to compare different loans, as long as you compare them over the same term, for example 3-year loans.
Annual percentage rate of charge (APRC)
The APRC is the annual rate of interest you will be charged on a mortgage. It takes account of all the costs involved over the term of the mortgage, such as any set-up charges and the interest rate. You can use the APRC to compare different mortgages, as long as you compare them over the same term, for example 30-year mortgages.
Annuity
An annuity is a contract with a life assurance company that will pay you a guaranteed, regular pension income for the rest of your life in return for you paying them a lump sum when you are ready to retire. The amount of pension income you get depends on the size of the lump sum, annuity rates at the time, your age, gender and state of health.
Approved Retirement Fund (ARF)
An Approved Retirement Fund (ARF) is a personal retirement fund where you can keep your pension invested as a lump sum after retirement. You can withdraw from it regularly to give yourself an income, on which you pay income tax.
Arrears
A late payment, or a payment after the event. For example, some salaries are paid ‘monthly in arrears’ – i.e. the first payment is one month after commencement of work.
ATM
It stands for ‘automated teller machine’ also known as a ‘hole-in-the-wall’. If you have an ATM, Debit or Laser card you can use the machine to take out cash, order statements, read your account balance and get access to other information about your bank account.
Auction
A method of buying a property. It is a public sale of property, bids are offered in public and the sale agreed on the same day if one of the bids is accepted by the auctioneer.
Auto enrolment
Auto enrolment is a system of automatic pension enrolment that is co-funded by employers and the state.
In order to encourage people to take up membership of the scheme, the Irish system will operate an opt-out approach rather than an opt-in system.
What this means is that everyone who meets the income threshold to take part in the scheme who doesn’t already have a private pension membership will automatically be enrolled in it through their company’s payroll.
They have the option to opt-out if they feel they cannot afford it but can also return to it at a later stage if their income improves.
People who choose to remain in the system will have their pension savings matched on a one-for-one basis by the employer.
The State will also provide a top-up of €1 for every €3 saved by the worker. So for every €3 saved by the employee they will receive €7 in their pension.
Average clause
This is a condition included in some home insurance policies that limits what you can claim if you are under-insured. For example, if the contents of your home are worth €40,000 but you insure them for just €20,000 you are under-insured by 50%. If your contents are damaged, destroyed or stolen, the most you will get from your insurance company is 50% of the total damage.
Balance transfer
This is the transfer of debt from one credit card to another. Some introductory offers include a 0% balance transfer for six months, which would give you the chance to pay off your credit card (with no interest) up to six months on your new card.
Balloon payment
This is a large final payment due at the end of some hire purchase agreements including car finance deals. It is used to keep monthly repayments lower and must be paid to finish the agreement and allow you to become the owner of the goods.
Benefit statement
This is a statement giving details of your pension plan that is sent out to you, usually once a year.
Bank Identifier Code (BIC)
This is the unique identification code given to banks also known as a SWIFT code. If you transfer money from one person’s bank account to another, you will need the BIC of the bank that will receive the money transfer. Your code can usually be found on your bank account statements.
Bid-offer spread
This is an investment charge and refers to the difference between the buying and selling price of a unit in an investment or pension fund. A typical bid-offer spread would be 5%. For example, if you invest €100 in a pension or investment fund, its value would become €95 (€100 less 5%) if you withdrew the money immediately. The buying and selling price of the units in a fund depend on the value of the assets in the fund.
Boiler rooms
This is the name given to an unauthorised ‘investment’ company that uses high-pressure sales tactics to sell worthless or high-risk shares, foreign currency or other ‘investments’ to unsuspecting investors.
Bonds
Some life insurance companies offer guaranteed bonds which provide either a guaranteed return of the investment amount at the end of the term, together with a guaranteed level of the bonus or a guaranteed level of income for the term of the bond, usually 5 years, together with a guaranteed return of the investment amount at the end of the term.
Bridging loan
This is a loan from a provider, that acts as a link between the time frame of buying a new home and selling your existing home.
Buildings insurance
This insurance pays the cost of repairing or rebuilding your home if it is damaged by unforeseen events (as detailed in your insurance policy).
Buy-out bond
If you leave or move jobs, you can transfer the value of your employer pension to an individual fund, where your money grows tax free, until you retire. This fund usually invests in a mix of assets including: property, stock, cash and bonds. You can also choose to transfer the money to a personal pension plan instead.
Also called principal, this means the original amount you borrowed.
This means any profit you make if you sell an asset, such as shares, for a higher price than you originally paid.
Capital gains tax (CGT)
This is a government tax that you must pay if you make a profit (a capital gain) of more than €1,270 in any tax year if you sell an asset, such as shares or investment property. Check the Revenue website for current rates.
If you make a loss, you can subtract the amount of the loss from any amount that you owe in CGT.
Capital Acquisitions Tax (CAT)
The correct term for inheritance tax is Capital Acquisitions Tax (CAT) and in Ireland this tax is set at 33%. It is a tax on gifts and inheritance.
The amount of your inheritance that will be taxed is triggered when the value of your inheritance goes over the CAT threshold – €335,000.
If you inherit a property, for example, you will not have to pay tax on the full value of that property. You will only be taxed on the amount of the property’s value that is over the €335,000 threshold.
So if a property is worth €500,000 you will be taxed on the portion above the threshold – €165,000. The rate of tax that you will have applied to this portion is 33%. This is called Capital Acquisitions Tax (CAT).
Capital Gains Tax
CGT is a tax you pay on the sale of an asset. This tax is most commonly associated with the sale of a house.
CGT is 33% of the total profitable amount from the sale of the asset.
Chargebacks
A chargeback is a reversal of a disputed sales transaction on a credit or debit card. For example, you can contact your card provider to ask them to refund the cost of a purchase if you paid for goods you did not receive or never ordered, or if a business fails to cancel recurring payments. The card provider will decide if you are entitled to a refund based on the circumstances. Every provider has specific time frames and conditions attached to their chargeback facility.
Children’s protection benefit
This is a benefit included on some life insurance policies. In this case when you take out life cover for yourself, your children are also covered up to a smaller specified amount.
Collateral
Collateral is something that a lender accepts as security for a loan. This is usually an asset such as an existing property or investment. If the loan is not repaid, the lender can sell the collateral to cover the outstanding debt.
Collective investment
See pooled investment.
Commission
This is a payment that a financial services company gives to a financial intermediary, such as a broker or financial advisor for selling their financial product.
Compound annual return (CAR)
CAR is a measure of the rate of return on a deposit or investment. You can use it to compare different accounts.
If there is €110 in an account, a year after €100 was lodged in it the return, or CAR, is 10%. Your account may have certain terms and conditions that can stop you from getting the full rate, for example you can’t make any withdrawals.
Contents insurance
This insurance covers for the loss or damage of property within your home. For example, furniture, clothing, personal possessions etc. Contents cover is a separate type of insurance to buildings insurance, which covers the structure of your property.
Contingency Fund
This is a fund or an amount of money put aside to cover unexpected expenses.
Contributory occupational pension scheme
The is a type of work pension scheme to which employees are required to contribute (usually a fixed percentage of their pensionable pay) in order to meet part of the cost of the benefits.
Conveyancing
This is the term for the legal process of transferring the ownership of property from seller to buyer.
Cost of credit
The cost of credit shows you the real cost of borrowing. It is the difference between the amount you borrow and the total you will repay including the interest by the end of the loan period.
Credit history
This tracks your record in repaying loans. Most lenders use a central agency, the Irish Credit Bureau to check your credit history. From June 2017 there is a new Central Credit Register, run by the Central Bank of Ireland. These keep files on individual borrowers, and use the information they get from lenders to build up each borrower’s credit history.
Credit scoring
When you apply for a credit card, current account, personal loan, hire purchase (HP) agreement or mortgage, the lender will award you points or marks based on your credit history and on your answers to questions on the loan application form. The total score you get helps the lender predict how big a risk they are taking by giving you a loan and what size loan to give you.
Credit transfer
This is an order from you to your bank to transfer a sum of money to another account. A credit transfer can be made on paper, by phone, or online if available by your financial institution.
Crest
Crest is the electronic settlement system used to buy and sell shares traded on the London and Irish stock exchanges. Crest also offers investors the opportunity to hold their shares in electronic form in their own name through personal membership.
Critical illness cover
This is an insurance that pays out a lump sum if you’re diagnosed with a specified critical illness covered by your policy.
Cross-border handling fee
This is a fee you may have to pay to your credit card provider when using your credit card abroad in a non-euro area. When charged, this fee is typically a percentage of the transaction (it can range from 1% to 3%). These fees can also be known as ‘currency conversion fees’.
Crypto-exchange
A crypto-exchange is a digital platform where you can buy, sell and trade crypto-currency. It is where you can convert a currency, e.g. euro, to a crypto-currency, e.g. Bitcoin. Examples of crypto-exchanges are Coinbase, Gemini and Crypto.com. Unlike traditional assets, a broker is not required to interact with a crypto-exchange, however you should be aware that crypto-exchanges are not currently regulated in Ireland.
Death-in-service benefit
If your occupational pension plan has death-in-service benefit, the benefit is the amount paid out to your dependants if you die while you are still employed.
Debt consolidation
This means taking out a single loan to pay off a number of other loans. Also called ‘wrapping up your debt’, often a mortgage, to pay off individual, smaller, loans.
Deeds
These are the legal ownership documents of your home or property. Your lender holds them as security, until your mortgage has been paid off.
Default
This is when a payment or series of payments on a loan or mortgage are missed.
Deferred period
This is the length of time you must be out of work due to sickness or disability before your income protection insurance policy pays out. The deferred period is between 13 and 52 weeks, depending on your policy.
Defined Benefit pension
A Defined Benefit pension scheme is set up by an employer to benefit an employee and represents a fixed payment each year that an employee will receive once they retire – their payment is defined.
These types of pensions are also known as occupational pension schemes and the amount of pension an employee receives in their pension pot is based on the amount of years they have been in employment and the salary that they received during this period.
If a person’s salary increases or decreases during their employment, then the amount that will be paid in retirement increases or decreases incrementally also.
Defined Contribution pension
A Defined Contribution (DC) pension scheme is one of the most commonly used pension arrangements.
It is based on both the employee and the employer investing in the future pension fund of the employee.
Both parties agree to sign up to the DC pension scheme and the percentage to be deducted from salary and the percentage to be matched by the employer are agreed in advance.
These do not have to be equal amounts. Often an employer will make a larger percentage payment as an incentive to the employee to remain with the company.
However, the employer contribution is entirely based on the arrangements with each individual company.
The employer does not have to match the employee contribution for a DC pension scheme to be a valid DC scheme. It is simply common for the employer to do so.
Deflation
This occurs when prices decline over time. It is the opposite of inflation.
Deposit
This is money you hold in a savings or deposit account at a financial institution that earns interest.
A mortgage deposit is the difference between the price of a property and the amount you can borrow.
Deposit interest retention tax (DIRT)
This is a tax you pay on any interest you earn for money deposited in a financial institution. Most financial institutions automatically take it from the interest it pays to your account and pass it over to the Revenue Commissioners. Check the Revenue site for current rates.
Deposit protection scheme
This is a scheme designed to compensate depositors, when a bank, building society or credit union fails, subject to certain limits.
Direct debit
This is a payment taken from your account by a third party to whom you have given written permission to do so. You may, for instance, give the ESB permission to withdraw variable amounts of money to pay your electricity bill. To stop a direct debit contact the third-party supplier, in this case the ESB, and your bank to let them know you want to cancel the payment.
Discretionary service
This is when a stockbroker will invest money on your behalf. The stockbroker does not have to tell you about every trade that is made on your behalf.
Dividend
This is a payment that some public companies pay to their shareholders as a way of distributing some of their profits. The payment may be in cash or shares.
Dormant account
An account on which there has been no transaction for 15 years or more. If this happens, the institution where your account is held will try to contact you to find out what you want to do with the account. Any money not claimed will be transferred to a fund managed by the National Treasury Management Agency (NTMA). The money remains yours and it can be reclaimed at any time, including interest. If you have a dormant account, contact the branch where the account was held. If the institution no longer exists, contact the Banking and Payments Federation of Ireland. Then complete the relevant claim form. If someone has died and you think they had a dormant account, their next-of-kin can reclaim the money in the same way.
For more information on dormant accounts, contact the Banking and Payments Federation of Ireland.
Driver personal accident cover
This provides limited cover for death or loss of sight or limbs as a result of a car accident.
Dual life policy
This is a life insurance policy that provides cover for two people and continues after the first person dies. It pays out benefit on each death.
Emergency fund
An emergency fund is money set aside in an accessible savings account for events such as unemployment, medical bills, and car repairs. You should try to build up a saving fund that covers your basic living costs for three to six months.
Equivalent annual rate (EAR)
This is used to show the full price of interest on an account. EAR takes into account the basic rate of interest charged or earned, and any additional charges such as quarterly fees, set-up charges, and so on. EAR calculates interest as if it is paid once a year, even if it is paid twice or three times per year. The higher the EAR, the more interest you will be charged or earn. EAR applies to deposits (credit) as well as overdrafts (debits).
Endowment policy
An endowment policy is an investment plan. You usually pay premiums into it each month, and the money is invested in shares, bonds, property and cash. The aim is to grow the policy value so that after a set number of years, it will be enough to pay off the original mortgage you borrow.
Endowment policy values can fall as well as rise so there is no guarantee the policy will be enough to pay off your mortgage.
Endowment trader
An endowment trader is an individual or company that specialises in buying endowment policies from policyholders.
If you are thinking of surrendering or cashing in an endowment policy, you may wish to compare the option of cashing in with your insurance company or selling or trading to an endowment trader, to get the best value.
Entry charge
This is a charge for setting up your pension plan or investment.
Equity
Equity is the value of any assets you own after any debts are paid. In the context of your property, your equity refers to the difference between its market value and the mortgage you owe on it.
Equity release
These are schemes that allow you to release some of the equity, or the value you have built up in your home, without having to move out or sell it. Certain schemes are available to older homeowners in the form of ‘life-time loans’ or ‘home reversions’. Equity release is also referred to as ‘re-mortgaging’.
ETV
An Enhanced Transfer Value is an offer made by a company to “buy out” the members of their Defined Benefit (DB) pension scheme. Typically an enhanced transfer value is 20-30 times your annual retirement package.
The Enhanced Transfer Value is a once-off offer from your previous employer. It’s designed to give you enhanced benefits in the form of the value of your existing pension plus additional benefits to protect and grow your pension in the future.
It is usually a very advantageous offer which will generally benefit the member financially if they choose to avail of it.
It can be particularly beneficial to deferred members. Deferred members of defined benefit schemes are those who have left the scheme early due to changing jobs, for example, but are still entitled to a benefit from the scheme when it matures at retirement age.
Very often, deferred members will have another pension scheme in place with their new employer, and so, transferring an older DB pension to a new pension arrangement can be very attractive.
Euribor
The Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) is the interest rate at which euro area banks will lend to each other. There is a separate rate for each lending period (a lending period can be from one week up to 12 months). Euribor rates may have an effect on the interest rate your bank offers you. These rates change every day. You can get more information on the Euribor website.
European Central Bank (ECB)
The ECB is the central bank for Europe’s single currency, the euro. Its main task is to maintain the purchasing power of the euro and price stability in the euro area. One of the functions of the bank is to set interest rates for the 13 member countries in the eurozone. The Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (CBFSAI) is a member of the European System of Central Banks.
Eurozone
Eurozone countries are: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. In addition euro transactions in other EU countries are charged at the same rate as in Ireland. Rest of EU countries are Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Croatia.
Excess
This is the first part of any insurance claim that you have to pay yourself. It is usually a fixed sum. Remember for home insurance a subsidence excess will be a much higher amount (typically €1,000). For motor insurance you may not have to pay any excess on certain types of claim such as windscreen replacement on a motor policy. Excess is often called ‘standard excess’ on many insurance policy documents.
Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
This is an investment fund that tracks the shares of a particular stock market index, such as the top 20 shares quoted on the Irish Stock Exchange. The fund itself is also quoted and traded on the stock market.
Exclusions
Exclusions, or restrictions, are events or situations that are not covered by your insurance policy. Standard exclusions are contained in every policy. Specific exclusions are restrictions your insurer adds to your policy only.
Execution-only
This is where a stockbroker is simply instructed to buy or sell a particular investment on your behalf. The broker has no say about the trade and does not provide you with any advice.
Exit penalty
Also known as an early encashment or exit charge, this is a charge applied by a financial institution when you cash in an investment or repay a loan within a set number of years or before a specific maturity date.
Exit tax
This is a tax that you are liable for if your investment makes a profit. It is taken off your investment when you withdraw money – the Revenue website for current exit tax rates.
Financial adviser
A regulated financial adviser is someone who is authorised by the Central Bank to give advice to individual members of the public. Advisers can either be ‘tied’ and only able to advise on products of their employer or they can be ‘independent’ and able to advise on a range of providers and products. It is important when selecting an adviser that you understand how they are being paid for the advice that is being given to you and what impact any commission being paid will have on your pension or investments. You can use the Central Bank’s registers site to get a list of authorised advisers.
Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman
The Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman is an independent statutory office who deals with complaints from consumers about financial services providers. The FSPO only deals with complaints that have not been resolved through your provider. It is a free service to the complainant. Broader issues of consumer protection are the responsibility of the Central Bank.
Fixed rate
This means interest is fixed at a particular rate over a fixed time. If rates fall you can miss out on the benefits. If you want to pay off your full loan within the set time, you have to pay penalty fees.
Fixed rate penalty
An amount you may have to pay if you wish to pay off your loan, part of your loan or change any of the terms, during the fixed rate period.
Fixed-term deposits
With fixed-term deposits you put money into your account for an agreed amount of time. Usually the interest rate is fixed for that period and if you take money out during that time you generally pay a penalty.
Flexible Pension Model
A flexible pension model is a state pension model used in other countries and is being introduced into Ireland.
It incentivises workers to continue working after the retirement age of 66. Every year a worker chooses to remain in the workforce they will receive a larger state pension.
Workers who choose to work until 70 will receive an extra 24% in state pension then those who retired at 66.
Fund management charge
This is an annual charge you have to pay to get a fund manager to manage your investment. A typical fund management charge would be 1% per annum. The management charge is often higher if the bid-offer spread is low or zero.
Grant of Probate
Authority to deal with a dead person’s estate. The Grant of Probate is the document which allows the assets of the dead person to be gathered and distributed.
Guaranteed insurability option
This is a benefit included on some life insurance policies. It means that you have the option to take out additional life cover at certain stages, for example if you have children or your mortgage amount increases, without having to provide evidence of good health.
Guaranteed minimum future value
This is the agreed minimum value of your car at the end of your car finance agreement. It is based on certain factors such as the estimated mileage over the term of the agreement and the condition of the car at the end of the agreement.
Guarantor
This is a person who agrees to pay off a loan if the borrower fails to pay.
Income protection (or permanent health insurance)
Insurance that pays you a monthly income if you’re unable to work due to illness or injury. It will pay you up until you are able to return to work, or retirement, whichever is the sooner.
Indemnify
When an insurance company indemnifies any losses, it will pay for the damaged goods or property to be restored to the condition they were in before an event or as close as is possible. Most general insurance policies provide indemnity cover.
Indemnity Bond
An indemnity bond is a type of insurance policy that can be taken out by a lender when they give you a mortgage. The policy insures the lender against making a loss if they repossesses your property and the house is worth less than the outstanding amount of the mortgage. When you take out a mortgage some lenders may charge you for indemnity bond costs.
Index linking
Index linking, or indexation, increases the benefit on your life insurance or investment policy automatically every year to make allowances for inflation. Your premium also increases each year to pay for indexation.
Inflation
The risk that your money will lose value over time. Your buying power goes down as prices increase. You need to earn more than the inflation rate to get a real return on your money.
Insolvency
An individual is deemed ‘insolvent’ if they are no longer able to meet their financial obligations. This could mean they are struggling with debt, part paying their bills, avoiding direct debits or missing payments.
Insolvency Service of Ireland (ISI)
The ISI is an independent government body which helps people sort out personal debt problems and restore people from insolvency to solvency in a fair, transparent and equitable way. You can get more information on the organisation on The Insolvency Service of Ireland website.
Interest on loans
This is the amount you pay to borrow money and is added to the loan.
Interest on savings
You can earn interest on certain accounts. This money is added to your savings.
Interest relief
A refund of tax available based on the amount of interest you pay on your mortgage. The refund is deducted from your monthly repayment by your lender.
International bank account number (IBAN)
This is an international standard for numbering bank accounts, developed by the European Committee for Banking Standards to make cross border payments more efficient. To process a cross-border money transfer, you will need your IBAN and that of the bank account that is to receive the money. The number can usually be found on your bank account statement.
Investor compensation scheme
The investor compensation scheme pays compensation, subject to certain limits, to eligible consumers if an authorised investment firm fails. You can get more information about the scheme on the the Investor Compensation Scheme website.
Irish Credit Bureau
This is a credit reference agency that maintains information about individual borrowers’ credit histories. You can get a copy of your own details for a small fee by contacting the ICB.
Irish Stock Exchange
This is where stocks and other securities are bought and sold. The Central Bank regulates the Irish Stock Exchange.
Keys
What is a public key?
A public key allows you to receive crypto transactions. Anyone can send crypto to your public key but you need a private key to unlock them.
That is why it is best to think about your public key as similar to your bank account number.
What is a private key?
A private key is like your password, it is usually a string of letters and numbers that allows you to access your crypto funds.
You should never share your private key with anyone as the private key gives you the ability to proof ownership and spend your funds.
If you lose or forget your private key you will not be able to access to your crypto and it will be lost for good since, unlike your bank password, it is not possible to recover a private key.
Joint account
These are accounts you open in the names of more than one person. Before you open a joint account, consider if the permission of all those taking part is required to make any withdrawals and what happens to the account if one of the holders dies.
Joint life policy
This is a type of life insurance policy that covers two lives, such as you and your spouse, child or business partner. It pays out the benefit only once, either you or your partner dies while the policy is in force.
Land Registry
This is a central register of the ownership of land and buildings. Not all properties are registered. You need to search the Registry of Deeds to find out if a property is registered.
Letter of Closure
If you are closing your credit card you should ask your credit card provider to send you a ‘letter of closure’ which confirms you have paid the stamp duty on the account. Once you receive this letter you should send it to your new bank to avoid getting charged for stamp duty twice. Your letter of closure is an important document so keep it somewhere safe and before you send it to your new bank, make a copy of it.
Letter of Offer
Also called the ‘offer of advance’, this is a formal statement by your mortgage lender of the amount they are prepared to lend you.
Lifetime Community Rating
This is a system whereby the premiums that you pay for health insurance, rise with the age you enter the private health insurance market, but do not vary in relation to your current age. The introduction of this system will result in loadings being applied to those consumers aged over 34, taking out inpatient private health insurance for the first time after 30 April 2015. See the Health Insurance Authority’s website for more information.
Liquidity
This is the ease or speed with which you can convert your investment to cash. Illiquid investments, such as property, cannot be converted to cash at short notice.
Loading
This is a charge added to an insurance premium because of some specific risk factor such as the health of an individual looking for a life insurance policy.
Loan-to-Value (LTV)
This is a percentage representing the amount owing on a mortgage relative to the market value of the property. You have a loan-to-value of 50% if your home is worth €500,000 and you owe €250,000.
Long-term care conversion
This is a benefit included on some life insurance policies. It gives you the option of converting your life cover to long-term care cover, to ensure that you have money to fund the cost of future care. It is paid out in the form of a cash payment for an agreed period of time.
Market Value Reduction (MVR)
This is a reduction in the value of your investment that your life insurance company may apply when you withdraw some or all of your investment except at certain times.
Master trust
The Master trust structure was created to benefit companies that do not want to manage their own board of trustees.
Previously, each company that offered a defined contribution pension would have to appoint and manage their own board of trustees from within the company. Operating as a trustee can be a time-consuming and complex role and the management of its operations would fall to senior management and the HR department.
A Master Trust is an alternative to this scenario, offering the services of professional trustees to manage a company’s pension provision.
While the experience for the employee will appear to be the same, the bulk of the pension management will be undertaken by the professional trustees.
At the same time they will manage a number of different companies under the same scheme.
Maturity value
This is the amount you will get at the end of the term of your insurance or investment policy. Maturity values are not always guaranteed.
Medium of exchange
A medium of exchange is any item that is widely acceptable in exchange for goods and services. For example, most commonly used medium of exchange is currency e.g. the Euro, Sterling, US Dollar.
Mining
Most crypto-currencies are created by a process known as “mining”, which involves people using powerful computers to solve complex mathematical problems to release the virtual currency.
Crypto-currencies use a “blockchain”, a shared public record of transactions, to create and track transactions.
Mining requires specialised equipment and is very energy intensive, so beware of schemes offering to mine crypto-currency in Ireland, since such activity is very unlikely to be profitable.
Mining generally has high energy usage, this may be important for you to consider when thinking about the sustainability of your investment.
Usually only a limited amount of a certain crypto-currency can exist. For example, only 21 million Bitcoins can ever be created by miners.
Mortgage contract
A document or group of documents containing all the terms and conditions laid down by your lender regarding your mortgage.
Mortgage deed
The legal document that you sign when you obtain a mortgage.
Mortgage protection
This is a form of life insurance product, which lenders must make sure you have in place when you take out a mortgage on your family home and if you are under 50 years of age. Your mortgage protection policy pays off the outstanding amount due on your mortgage if you die.
Mortgage term
This is the number of years on your mortgage.
Mortgagee
The lender that lends you the money to purchase your property.
Mortgagor
The person taking the mortgage.
National Treasury Management Agency (NTMA)
This is a Government agency that manages the national debt and administers the national pension fund. It also administers a fund where unclaimed money from dormant accounts is transferred.
Negative equity
This term is used to describe a situation where the market value of your house is less than the balance you owe on your mortgage.
No-claims bonus or discount
This is a percentage reduction you get on your car or home insurance premium. It is based on the number of years since you made a claim.
Non-Fungible Token (NFTs)
NFTs are digital representations of other assets (pictures, artwork, in-game items, etc.) that are recorded in [the blockchain as] a way to prove ownership and can be traded on specific platforms.
Occupational pension scheme
A pension scheme set up by an employer to provide retirement benefits for employees. This term is used interchangeably with ‘Company Pension Scheme.’ It is also known as an ‘Employer Pension Plan’.
Ombudsman
This is an official appointed to represent the interests of the public to investigate and address unresolved complaints reported by individual citizens.
You can send your complaint about a financial service to the Financial Services and Pensions Ombudsman
Open driving
This means that other people driving your car with your permission are covered by your policy as long as they hold a valid driving licence.
Overdraft
When more money is paid out of your current account than you have deposited, your account is said to be in overdraft. Your bank effectively gives you a loan. Your bank must normally approve such loans in advance.
Your bank grants overdraft permission up to a set limit. If you do not have overdraft permission the bank may still allow your account to go into overdraft but may charge an unauthorised overdraft fee.
Payment protection insurance (PPI)
Pays you a regular amount if you are unable to work for health reasons or redundancy. This insurance can also cover you for repayments of a loan and some bills for a limited time.
Pay-related social insurance (PRSI)
This is a contribution toward the cost of social welfare and pension benefits. It is payable by employers, employees and the self-employed. It is calculated as a percentage of your earnings and is deducted from your wages.
Pension contribution
A pension contribution is a payment that is made into a pension fund by an employee and normally taken at source from their salary or wage.
Each salary period a percentage of your salary is invested in a pension fund which accumulates over the years of your working life to result in a sum of money that will pay you a pension each month in retirement.
The value of each contribution and the way in which it is invested will add up to whether you have a strong enough pension plan.
Pension contributions are supported by the government, meaning that they are subject to tax relief. This tax relief differs depending on your rate of income tax.
Higher rate: Every €100 invested only costs €60 in reality (free €40 from the government)
Standard rate: Every €100 invested only costs €80 in reality (free €20 from the government).
Pension fund
This is the value of your pension made up of payments into the fund and any growth that it has earned. Any fees and charges you have to pay will reduce the value of your fund.
Pension Review
A pension review is a process whereby you work with a qualified pension advisor to examine your current pension plan and set out to fully understand its parameters.
The goal is to determine whether it offers the best value available to you, the amounts you can expect at retirement, the rules governing payment and when you can expect to avail of its value.
There are many other aspects too that can be included, including identifying alternative pension opportunities that could replace or supplement your existing pension.
Taking a starting point that all funds can go up as well as down, the review is an opportunity for you to examine how your fund has performed over the past few years.
Pension tracing
Pension tracing is the process of tracking down pension payments that you may have made in jobs throughout your life and may have lost track of.
The value of any payments made remains – they are valuable and worth tracing. The process can be complicated but there is expert help available through a pension advisory service.
Pension Transfer
A Pension Transfer refers to the process of moving your pension fund from your current financial provider to a new one.
You may choose to move from a Defined Benefit to a Defined Contribution or from either of these to a Personal Pension or a Pension Retirement Savings account.
This move might be prompted by a career move to a new company, the closure of an existing pension scheme or an attempt to reconcile a number of pensions throughout your career.
Personal pension plan
A policy taken out (by those who are self employed or who are in non-Pensionable Employment) from an insurance company, in order to provide benefits in retirement.
Percentage point
A percentage point is the difference between two percentages. A fall of one percentage point would be a fall from ten to nine percent. When the ECB moves interest rates, it is usually by a quarter or half a percentage point.
Permanent total disablement (PTD)
PTD can mean two different things, depending on your insurance policy. It can mean you are permanently and totally unable to do your current job. Or, it can mean you are not able to do many normal daily activities, so you are permanently unable to work at any job.
Personal identification number (PIN)
This is a unique code number you use, along with a credit, debit or cash card, to authorise transactions such as cash withdrawals from your account(s). It is personal to you and should be kept secret and separate from your card. You can change your PIN.
Personal retirement savings account (PRSA)
A personal retirement savings account (PRSA) is a type of personal pension policy available from banks, life assurance companies, and through brokers. It is more flexible than a traditional personal pension plan. Anyone up to the age of 75 can take out a PRSA. You don’t have to be earning an income to do so.
Policy
A policy is an insurance contract between you and an insurance company.
Policy benefit
Also known as the sum assured, this is the amount of money you could receive if you make an insurance claim that is successful.
Policy fee
This is a regular fee you pay on some investment and pension policies. A policy fee is usually a fixed amount, for example €3.50 per month.
Pooled investment
A pooled investment (also called a collective investment) is one where many people put in different amounts of money into a fund, which is then invested in one asset or a mix of assets such as shares, property, bonds or cash. A professional fund manager picks the investments and chooses when to buy and sell them. The main benefits of pooled investments are that you can spread your risk, choose from a range of different funds and have lower dealing and administration costs.
PRB
A Personal Retirement Bond is a policy that is set up by the trustees of a company pension scheme to allow a member to leave the scheme and take the value of their pension fund with them.
It is an essential pension vehicle when releasing a member from the fund because they have chosen to move to a different job or stopped working with the company that administers the pension fund for another reason.
PRSA
A PRSA is a pension product offered by financial institutions such as insurance companies or banks that is designed to allow individuals to take on a long-term personal pension plan that is not tied to any one employer.
The term PRSA stands for “Personal Retirement Savings Plan”.
It is a contract between the individual and the pension plan provider. It can be considered similar to an investment plan that allows you to save in a flexible way.
Anyone can open a PRSA but it is most often used by people who are not part of a company pension scheme.
You can change employment and it will not affect your plan as it is personal to you and not a specific employer.
Often, people with a company plan take out a PRSA as an additional pension product to ensure that they have adequate means to support their cost of living in retirement.
A PRSA is designed to be personal to you and exclusive of your employer but it is possible for your employer to make payments to your PRSA if it chooses to do so.
Contact a pension advisor for more help on this area of your pension planning.
Premium
This is the amount you pay for an insurance policy. It can be a once-off lump sum or it can be a monthly or yearly payment.
Primary residence
A primary residence means a property which is a) the residential property which a borrower occupies as their primary residence in this state, or b) a residential property which is the only residential property in this state owned by the borrower.
Principal
see capital above.
Principal dwelling home (PDH)
The private home in which a person lives alone or with their family. This could be a house, apartment, building, or group of buildings occupied as a place of residence.
Private treaty
A method of selling a property. Bids are offered in private over a period of time, usually to an auctioneer, and the seller decides which one to accept.
Reduction in yield (RIY)
This is a way to compare the charges on an investment product over a period of time. It works by showing the return that you would have received if there were no charges. For example, a personal pension plan has a projected return of 5% per year. The result of the charges is a reduction in yield of 1.5%, so the actual projected return is 3.5%. You can use the RIY to compare products and the lowest RIY charges, check regularly that the RIY does not change over the term your invest.
Retirement Annuity Contracts
Retirement Annuity Contracts (RACs), like PRSAs (above) are also personal pension plans that you manage yourself and are sold by banks and insurance companies.
Searches (property)
Your solicitor will do searches to confirm that the seller of a property can pass ownership to you and that there are no outstanding judgments or debts against the property.
Security
Security is any asset that can be sold to repay the loan if you don’t. It may be a mortgage on a property, an insurance policy or some other asset. Your lender might ask you to put up some form of security before giving you a loan.
Serious illness insurance
This policy pays a lump sum benefit if you are diagnosed as suffering from one of the serious illnesses specifically covered by your policy.
Stablecoins
A stablecoin is a type of crypto-currency that attempts to offer stability and is backed by a reserve asset such as gold or a currency such as the US Dollar.
Superannuation
Often referred to as a company pension plan, a superannuation fund is a pension program designed to benefit employees in an organisation after retirement.
It can also be described as a defined-benefit or defined-contribution plan. In essence, superannuation is designed to ease the complexity of forming a retirement plan.
Funds for a superannuation plan are deducted from an employee’s wages/salary over a number of years.
It is often desirable for employees who value a predictable pension plan because of the calculable variables that influence its worth, such as:
- How long was the employee working for the company?
- What was the employee’s salary?
- At what age did they begin to withdraw from the fund?
When they do retire, the eligible recipient of a superannuation fund will be given a fixed amount, likely on a fortnightly basis.
Standard excess
This is the first part of any insurance claim that you have to pay yourself. It is usually a fixed sum. Remember for home insurance a subsidence excess will be a much higher amount (typically €1,000). For motor insurance you may not have to pay any excess on certain types of claim such as windscreen replacement on a motor policy.
Stamp duty (Cards)
You must pay a yearly stamp duty on ATM, credit and debit cards. The Revenue website has more information on current rates.
Stamp duty (property)
This is a tax you pay to the government when you buy a property. A rate applies depending on the size and purchase price of the property and whether you are a first time buyer. For information on property stamp duty go to the Revenue website
Stamp duty (Share dealing)
You must pay a once-off tax when you buy shares in Ireland. For current rates check the Revenue website or ask your stockbroker.
Standing order
This is an instruction you give to your bank to make regular payments out of your account to another account. Unlike a direct debit, you instruct your bank directly about how much is to be paid and the amount is fixed and can only be changed by you.
State Savings
Is a brand name used by the National Treasury Management Agency (NTMA) to describe the range of savings products offered by the NTMA to personal savers. The complete range of State Savings products are listed on their website http://www.statesavings.ie/
Step back bonus protection
If you have this protection and you claim on your car insurance, you will only lose part of your no-claims discount.
Sum assured
Also known as the policy benefit, this is the amount of money you could receive if you have a successful insurance claim. With a life insurance or serious illness policy, you choose the sum assured.
Surcharge Interest
This is extra interest that your bank charges if you spend more than your agreed limit. It is charged on top of your standard rate of APR for the agreed overdraft limit.
Surrender value
This is the amount you will get if you cash in or cancel your insurance policy early. This value is usually lower than the value of the policy when it matures.
Term insurance policy
This is an insurance policy that pays out a fixed benefit if you die within a certain number of years (the term of the policy).
Terminal illness
Insurance companies usually define terminal illness as an illness that is likely to result in a person dying within 12 months.
Terminal illness benefit
This is a benefit included on some life insurance policies. It means that your life cover will be paid early if you are diagnosed as being terminally ill. In some cases there will be a maximum percentage of life cover that can be paid out on terminal illness, with the balance payable on death.
Title deeds
Documentation that shows the ownership of the property.
Tracker mortgage
This is a mortgage that is set at a fixed percentage or ‘margin’ above the ECB rate. For example, it could be set at the ECB rate plus one percentage point. So, if the ECB rate rises by a percentage point, so does your rate. It will also ‘track’ the ECB rate when this rate goes down.
Travel insurance
Pays out if you unexpectedly have to cancel your holiday; are taken ill while away; accidentally injure somebody or damage somebody else’s possessions while on holiday or lose your own possessions. You will need to check your individual policy’s terms and conditions to see when it pays out.
Trustee
A pension scheme trustee is a person who has been appointed to the board of a company pension scheme to manage and determine decision making around the scheme.
They are generally not your employer but people within the company or associated with it who have knowledge of the pension landscape who take on this role.
They are expected to work impartially and by the rules and governance of the scheme.
Two-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication is used to strengthen the security of your crypto account.
It does this by requiring two types of information from you such as, a password or personal identification number and secondly a code sent to your smartphone,
or a fingerprint etc. before you can gain access to your crypto account.
Unbacked
This type of crypto-currency would be like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which can be owned and transferred without intermediaries, and have no underlying assets.
Therefore, they are not backed to any currency or asset class which may increase the volatility of their value.
Valuation
This is when a fund manager measures and gives you an estimate value of the investments in your fund.
Valuation fee
This is the fee you pay to a professional valuer, such as an auctioneer or estate agent, to estimate a property’s market value.
Valuation report
An estimate of the value of the property reported to the lender by the valuer nominated by them. The Valuers fee is usually paid for by the mortgagor.
Variable rate
Variable rates rise and fall in line with general interest rate changes in the euro zone. Variable rates offer the most flexibility (over fixed rates) and allow you to pay off part or all of your loan without having to pay any fees or penalties.
Vendor
This is the person selling the property.
Voluntary surrender
When you cannot afford your repayments on a hire purchase agreement your only option may be to surrender the car by signing a voluntary surrender form. The finance company will calculate how much you owe, sell the car and you pay the shortfall.
Volatility
Volatility is an investment term that describes when a market, security or crypto-asset experiences periods of unpredictable, and sometimes sharp, price movements. This is a common feature of crypto.
Wallets
What is a hosted wallet?
A hosted wallet is a digital account hosted by a third-party financial institution, which allows the account-holder (the user) to store, send, and receive crypto-currency.
What is an unhosted wallet?
Crypto-currencies can be stored in an unhosted wallet, which is effectively software installed on a computer, phone or other device.
The funds in an unhosted wallet are controlled by an individual, without the need for a third party for example a bank and is similar to having cash in a physical wallet
Whole of life policy
This type of life insurance policy covers you for your whole life. It pays out a benefit when you die – whenever that happens – as long as the policy is still in force. The benefit is not usually fixed and can vary over the life of the policy depending on the performance of the investment fund used by the policy. Also, your premiums are not fixed and may increase from time to time, for example every 10 years or so.
Sources Reference
